[ CONTENTS ]http://www.friesian.com/romania.htm
The maps are those of Tony Belmonte, edited to eliminate references to "Byzantium" and with some corrections and additions. I am no longer able to find Tony's historical atlas on the Web, and links that turn up have gone dead. I hope that it will soon return to the Internet. Corrections and additions are based on The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History (Colin McEvedy, 1967), The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History (Colin McEvedy, 1961), The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History (Colin McEvedy, 1992), The Anchor Atlas of World History, Volume I (Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, and Harald and Ruth Bukor, 1974), and various prose histories. Some material on earlier history may be found at "Historical Background to Greek Philosophy" and "Historical Background to Hellenistic Philosophy". Discussion of the period covered by this page may be found in "Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History". This page is continued and supplemented by the material in "Successors of Rome: Germania, Francia, & Russia, 395-1945" and "Rivals to Rome, and The Ottoman Sultâns".
| 1. JULIO-CLAUDIANS | |
|---|---|
| Augustus | 27 BC-14 AD |
| Tiberius I | 14-37 |
| Caligula | 37-41 |
| Claudius I | 41-54 |
| Nero | 54-68 |
| non-dynastic | |
| Galba | 68-69 |
| Otho | 69 |
| Vitellius | 69 |
116 AD
| 2. FLAVIANS & ANTONINES | |
|---|---|
| Vespasian | 69-79 |
| Titus | 79-81 |
| Domitian | 81-96 |
| Nerva | 96-98 |
| Trajan | 97-117 |
| Hadrian | 117-138 |
| Antoninus Pius | 138-161 |
| Lucius Verus | 161-169 |
| Marcus Aurelius | 161-180 |
| Commodus | 177-192 |
| non-dynastic | |
| Pertinax | 193 |
| Didius Julianus | 193 |
| [Niger] | 193-194 |
| [Clodius Albinus] | 193-197 |
| 3. SEVERANS | |
|---|---|
| Septimus Severus | 193-211 |
| Caracalla | 198-217 |
| Geta | 209-211 |
| Macrinus | 217-218 |
| [Diadumenian] | 218 |
| Elagabalus | 218-222 |
| Alexander Severus | 222-235 |
260 AD
| Maximinus I Thrax | 235-238 | ||
| Gordian I & II | 238 | ||
| Balbinus & Pupiens | 238 | ||
| Gordian III | 238-244 | SONS, BROTHERS, etc. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Philip I the Arab | 244-249 | Philip II | 247-249 |
| Decius | 249-251 | Herennius | 251 |
| Hostilianus | 251 | ||
| Trebonianus Gallus | 251-253 | Volusianus | 253 |
| Aemilianus | 253 | ||
| Valerian | 253-260 | Gallienus | 253-268 |
| 260, defeated and captured by the Sassanid Shâh Shapur I | |||
| Claudius II Gothicus | 268-270 | Quintillus | 270 |
| Aurelian | 270-275 | ||
| Tacitus | 275-276 | Florianus | 276 |
| Probus | 276-282 | ||
| Carus | 282-283 | ||
| Numerian | 283-284 | Carinus | 283-285 |
275 AD
290 AD
| 1. TETRARCHS | ||
|---|---|---|
| Diocletian | Augustus 284-305 E | died 313 |
| Maximian | Augustus 286-305 W | Usurper 306-308, 310 W |
| Constantius I Chlorus | Caesar 293-305 | Augustus 305-306 W |
| Galerius | Caesar 293-305 E | Augustus 305-311 E |
| Maximinus II Daia | Caesar 305-309 E | Augustus 309-313 E |
| Severus | Caesar 305-306 W | Augustus 306-307 W |
| Constantine I the Great | Caesar 306-307, 308-309 W | Augustus 307-308, 309-337 W, 324-337 E |
| [Maxentius] | Usurper 306-312 W | |
| Licinius | Augustus 308-324 E | |
| [Domitius Alexander] | Usurper 308-311 W | |
330 AD
| 2. CONSTANTIANS | |
|---|---|
| Constantius I Chlorus | 293-306 W |
| Constantine I the Great | 306-337 W+E |
| Council I, Nicaea I, Nicene Creed, 325 | |
| Constantine II | 337-340 W |
| Constans I | 337-350 W |
| [Magnentius] | 350-353 W |
| Constantius II | 337-361 E+W |
| (Gallus) | 351-354 W |
| Julian | 355-363 |
| Jovian | 363-364 |
378 AD
| 3. VALENTIANS | |
|---|---|
| Valentinian I | 364-375 W |
| Valens | 364-378 E |
| defeated and killed by the Visigoths, Battle of Adrianople, 378 | |
| Gratian | 367-383 W |
| [Magnus Maximus] | 383-388 W |
| Valentinian II | 375-392 W |
| [Eugenius] | 392-394 W |
410 AD
| 1. THEODOSIANS | WESTERN COMMANDERS | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Theodosius I the Great | 379-395 E+W | ||
| Council II, Constantinople I, Arianism condemned, 381 Destruction of the Serapeum, 391 Abolition of the Olympic Games, 394 | |||
| Honorius | 395-423 W | Stilicho | 395-408 |
| Constantius III | 410-421 | ||
| 421 W | |||
| Suevi, Vandals, & Alans cross Rhine, 1 January 407 | |||
| [Constantine (III)] | 407-411 W | Castinus | 422-425 |
| [John] | 423-425 W | ||
| Arcadius | 395-408 E | ||
| Theodosius II | 408-450 E | ||
| Council III, Ephesus, Nestorianism condemned, 431 | |||
| Valentinian III | 425-455 W | Felix | 425-430 |
| Aëtius | 430-454 | ||
| Marcian | 450-457 E | ||
| Council IV, Chalcedon, Monophysitism condemned, 451 | |||
451 AD
| 2. LAST WESTERN EMPERORS [names in brackets not recognized by East] | WESTERN COMMANDERS | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| [Petronius Maximus] | 455 W | ||
| Avitus | 455-456 W | Ricimer | 456-472 |
| Majorian | 457-461 W | ||
| [Libius Severus] | 461-465 W | ||
| interregnum | 465-467 W | ||
| Anthemius | 467-472 W | ||
| Joint E/W expedition against Vandals fails, 468 | |||
| [Olybrius] | 472 W | ||
| interregnum | 472-473 W | Gundobad | 472-473 |
| [Glycerius] | 473 W | ||
| Julius Nepos | 473-480 W | Orestes | 473-476 |
| [Romulus "Augustulus"] | 475-476 W | ||
| Odoacer | 476-493 | ||
476 AD
| 1. LEONINES | |
|---|---|
| Leo I | 457-474 E |
| Joint E/W expedition against Vandals fails, 468 | |
| Leo II | 473-474 E |
| Zeno the Isaurian (Tarasikodissa) | 474-491 E+W |
| [Basiliscus] | 475-476 E |
| Anastasius I | 491-518 |
530 AD
565 AD
| 1. JUSTINIANS | |
|---|---|
| Justin I | 518-527 |
| Justinian I | 527-565 |
| North Africa regained, 533 Rome regained, 536 Ostrogoths defeated, 552 Council V, Constantinople II, Monophysitism condemned again, 553 Andalusia regained, 554 | |
| Justin II | 565-578 |
| Lombards Invade Italy, 568 | |
| Tiberius II | 578-582 |
| Sack of Athens by Slavs, 582 | |
| Maurice | 582-602 |
| non-dynastic | |
| Phocas | 602-610 |
600 AD
| 1. HERACLIANS | |
|---|---|
| Heraclius | 610-641 |
| Cartagena falls to Visigoths, 624 Avar Siege of Constantinople, 626 invasion and conquest of Syria, Egypt, & Anatolia by Shâh Khusro II, 607-616; his defeat, 623-628 Palestine lost to the Caliph 'Umar of Islâm, 636 Syria lost, 640; Egypt invaded, 640 | |
| Constantine III & Heracleon | 641 |
| Constans II Pogonatus | 641-668, last Emperor to visit Rome |
| Egypt lost, 642 Genoa (Liguria) lost to Lombards, 642 Campaign against the Lombards, 663 | |
| Constantine IV | 668-685 |
| Siege of Constantinople by the Caliph Mu'âwiya, 674-677; Council VI, Constantinople III, Monotheletism condemned, 680-681 | |
| Justinian II Rhinotmetus | 685-695 |
| non-dynastic | |
| Leontius | 695-698 |
| Carthage falls, 698 | |
| Tiberius III | 698-705 |
| Justinian II (restored) | 705-711 |
| Philippicus Bardanes | 711-713 |
| Anastasius II | 713-715 |
| Theodosius III | 715-717 |
732 AD
| 2. SYRIANS (ISAURIANS) | |
|---|---|
| Leo III | 717-741 |
| Siege of Constantinople by the Caliphs Sulaymân & 'Umar II, 717-718 Tax Revolt in Italy, end of Imperial authority in Exarchate, 727 Edict establishing Iconoclasm, 730 | |
| Constantine V Copronumus | 741-775 |
| Ravenna Falls to Lombards, 751 Iconoclast Council, 754 | |
| Leo IV the Khazar | 775-780 |
| Constantine VI | 780-797 |
| Irene | 780-802 |
| Council VII, Nicaea II, Iconoclasm condemned, 787 | |
800 AD
| 1. NICEPHORANS | |
|---|---|
| Nicephorus I | 802-811 |
| Nicephorus killed in battle by Bulgar Khan Krum, 811 | |
| Stauracius | 811 |
| Michael I Rangabé | 811-813 |
| Leo V the Armenian | 813-820 |
| Iconoclasm restored, 815 | |
| 2. AMORIANS (PHRYGIANS) | |
|---|---|
| Michael II the Stammerer | 820-829 |
| Crete lost, 823 Sicily invaded by Aghlabids, 827 | |
| Theophilus I | 829-842 |
| Varangians (Vikings) arrive at Constantinople, 839 | |
| Michael III | 842-867 |
| Final repudiation of Iconoclasm, 843 | |
| (Theophilus II) | 867 |
910 AD
| 3. BULGARIA BEFORE ROMAN CONQUEST | |
|---|---|
| Qaghan Teletz | c.760-763 |
| Qaghan Sabinos | 763 |
| Qaghan Umar | c.765 |
| Qaghan Paganos | c.765-c.770 |
| Qaghan Telerig | c.770-776 |
| Qaghan Kardam | 776-c.802 |
| Qaghan Krum | c.802-814 |
| Kills Emperor Nicephorus in battle, 811; uses his skull as a drinking cup | |
| Qaghan Omurtag | 815-831 |
| Qaghan Malamir | 831-836 |
| Qaghan Presian | 836-852 |
| Qaghan Boris I | 852-893 |
| Council VIII, Constantinople IV, 869-870; conversion of Bulgaria announced | |
| Emperor Simeon I | 893-927 |
| Emperor Peter I | 927-969 |
| Emperor Boris II | 969-972 |
| Bulgaria conquered by John I Tzimisces, 971 | |
| Macedonian Bulgaria | |
| Tsar Samuel | 976-1014 |
| Army annihilated by Basil II, 1014 | |
| Tsar Gabriel Radomir | 1014-1015 |
| Tsar John Vladislav | 1015-1018 |
| Bulgaria annexed by Basil II, 1018 | |
1000 AD
| 4. MACEDONIANS | |
|---|---|
| Basil I | 867-886 |
| Arabs sack suburbs of Rome, including the Vatican, 846 Council VIII, Constantinople IV, 869-870; reconciles Eastern and Western Churches but is later repudiated by East; conversion of Bulgaria announced. Syracuse falls to Aghlabids, 878 Venice effectively independent, 886 | |
| Leo VI the Wise | 886-912 |
| Alexander | 886-913 |
| Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus | 913-959 |
| Romanus I Lecapenus | 919-944 |
| Stephen & Constantine | 944-945 |
| Romanus II | 959-963 |
| Crete recovered, 961 | |
| Nicephoras II Phocas | 963-969 |
| Cyprus recovered, 965 Antioch recovered from H.amdânids, 969 | |
| John I Tzimisces | 969-976 |
| Russian Prince Sviatoslav defeated, Bulgaria conquered, 971 | |
| Basil II Bulgaroctonus | 963-1025 |
| Bulgarian Army annihilated, 1014; Macedonian Bulgaria annexed, 1018 | |
| Constantine VIII | 976-1028 |
| Romanus III Argyrus | 1028-1034 |
| Zoë | 1028-1050 |
| Michael IV the Paphlagonian | 1034-1041 |
| Michael V Calaphates | 1041-1042 |
| Theodora | 1042-1056 |
| Constantine IX Monomachus | 1042-1055 |
| Schism between Eastern and Western Churches, 1054 | |
| non-dynastic | |
| Michael VI Stratioticus | 1056-1057 |
| Isaac I Comnenus | 1057-1059 |
1060 AD--height of Middle Romanian Empire
1075 AD
| 1. DUCASES | |
|---|---|
| Constantine X Ducas | 1059-1067 |
| Romanus IV Diogenes | 1068-1071 |
| Defeated and Captured by Seljuk Great Sult.ân Alp Arslan, Battle of Manzikert, 1071 | |
| Michael VII Parapinakes | 1071-1078 |
| Nicephoras III Botaniates | 1078-1081 |
| 2. SELJUK SULT.ÂNS OF RÛM | |
|---|---|
| Süleyman I | 1078-1086 |
| Kilij Arslan I | 1092-1107 |
| Malik Shah | 1107-1116 |
| Masud I | 1116-1156 |
| Kilij Arlsan II | 1156-1192 |
| Myriocephalon, 1176 | |
| Kaikhosru I | 1192-1196 |
| Süleyman II | 1196-1204 |
| Kilij Arlsan III | 1204 |
| Kaikhosru I (restored) | 1204-1210 |
| Kaikawus I | 1210-1220 |
| Kaikubad I | 1220-1237 |
| Kaikhosru II | 1237-1245 |
| Kaikawus II | 1246-1257 |
| Kilij Arslan IV | 1248-1265 |
| Kaikubad II | 1249-1257 |
| Kaikhosru III | 1265-1282 |
| Masud II | 1282-1304 |
| Kaikubad III | 1284-1307 |
| Masud III | 1307-1308 |
1160 AD
| 3. COMNENI | |
|---|---|
| Alexius I Comnenus | 1081-1118 |
| First Crusade, 1096-1099 | |
| John II | 1118-1143 |
| Manuel I | 1143-1180 |
| Second Crusade, 1147-1149 Myriocephalon, 1176 Serbia becomes independent, 1180 | |
| Alexius II | 1180-1183 |
| Andronicus I | 1183-1185 |
1186 AD
| 4. KINGS OF JERUSALEM | |
|---|---|
| First Crusade, 1096-1099 | |
| Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine | 1099-1100 |
| Baldwin I | 1100-1118 |
| Baldwin II | 1118-1131 |
| Queen Melisende | 1131-1152 |
| Fulk of Anjou | 1131-1143 |
| Baldwin III | 1143-1163 |
| Second Crusade, 1147-1149 | |
| Amalric I | 1163-1174 |
| Baldwin IV the Leper | 1174-1185 |
| Queen Sibylla | 1185-1190 |
| Baldwin V | 1185-1186 |
| Guy of Lusignan | 1186-1192 |
| King of Cyprus, 1192-1194 | |
| Battle of Hattin, Fall of Jerusalem to S.alâh.uddîn, 1187 | |
| 1. ANGELI | |
|---|---|
| Isaac II Angelus | 1185-1195 |
| Bulgaria becomes independent, 1186 Third Crusade, 1189-1192 | |
| Alexius III | 1195-1203 |
| Isaac II (restored) | 1203-1204 |
| Alexius IV | 1203-1204 |
| Alexius V Mourtzouphlos | 1204 |
| Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204 Constantinope falls to Fourth Crusade, 1204 | |
1205 AD
| 2. BULGARIA, ASENS | |
|---|---|
| Peter II Asen | 1186-1196 |
| John I Asen | 1186-1196 |
| Kaloyan | 1197-1207 |
| John II Asen | 1218-1241 |
| Kaliman I | 1241-1246 |
| Michael Asen | 1246-1257 |
| Constantine Asen | 1258-1277 |
| Ivalio | 1278-1279 |
| Ivan | 1279-1280 |
1240 AD
| 3. LATINS | |
|---|---|
| Baldwin I of Flanders | 1204-1205 |
| Henry of Flanders | 1206-1216 |
| Peter de Courtenay | 1217 |
| Yolanda of Flanders | 1217-1219 |
| Robert de Courtenay | 1221-1228 |
| John of Brienne | 1228-1237 |
| Baldwin II | 1228-1261 |
| 4. LASCARIDS | |
|---|---|
| Theodore I Lascaris | 1206-1222 |
| John III Ducas Vatatzes | 1222-1254 |
| Theodore II | 1254-1258 |
| John IV | 1258-1261 |
| 1. SERBIA | |
|---|---|
| Stephan I Nemanja | 1151-1196 |
| Stephen II | 1196-1228 |
| King of Serbia 1217 | |
| Stephen III Radoslav | 1228-1234 |
| Stephen IV Vladislav | 1234-1243 |
| Stephen Urosh I | 1243-1276 |
| Stephen Dragutin | 1276-1282 |
| Stephen Urosh II Milutin | 1282-1321 |
| Stephen Urosh III Dechanski | 1321-1331 |
| Stephen Urosh IV Dushan | 1331-1355 |
| Tsar of Serbia 1345 | |
| Stephen Urosh V | 1355-1371 |
| collapse of dynasty & authority | |
| Prince Lazar | 1371-1389 |
| battle of Kosovo, "Field of the Blackbirds," defeat by the Turks, 1389 | |
| Stephen Lazarevich | 1389-1427 |
| Turkish vassal, 1396 | |
| George Brankovich | 1427-1456 |
| Lazar Brankovich | 1456-1458 |
| annexed by Turkey, 1459 | |
| 2. BULGARIA, TERTERS | |
|---|---|
| George I Terter | 1280-1292 |
| Smilitz | 1292-1300 |
| Caka | 1300 |
| Theodore Svetoslav | 1300-1322 |
| Geroge II Terter | 1322-1323 |
| Michael | 1322-1330 |
| Ivan I Alexander | 1330-1371 |
| Ivan II Stephan | 1330-1331 |
| Ivan III Shishman | 1365-1393 |
| Turkish Conquest, 1396 | |
1270 AD
| 3. PALEOLOGI | |
|---|---|
| Michael VIII Paleologus | 1259-1282 |
| Andronicus II | 1282-1328 |
| Prusa [Bursa] lost, 1326 | |
| (Michael IX) | 1295-1320 |
1328 AD
| Andronicus III | 1328-1341 |
| Nicaea [I.znik] lost, 1331 Nicomedia [I.zmid] lost, 1337 | |
|---|---|
| John V | 1341-1391 |
| John VI Cantacuzenus | 1347-1354 |
1354 AD
| Kallipolis [Gelibolu] lost, 1354 Adrianople [Edirne] lost, 1361 | |
|---|---|
| Andronicus IV | 1376-1379 |
1382 AD
| John VII | 1390 |
| Manuel II | 1391-1425 |
| John VIII | 1425-1448 |
| Constantine XI Dragases | Despot of Morea 1428-1449 |
| 1449-1453 | |
| Constantinople [I.stanbul] falls to Meh.med II, 1453 | |
|---|---|
| Thomas, Despot of Morea; daughter Zoe marries Ivan III of Russia | 1428-1460 |
| Mistra, Morea, falls to Meh.med II, 1460 | |
1430 AD
Rome and Romania is continued in The Ottoman Sultans, 1290-1924 AD and Successors of Rome: Germania, Francia, & Russia, 395-1945.
http://www.friesian.com/romania.htm
